- The Five Aggregates
- Dr. Peter Della Santina
In this chapter we will look at the teaching of the five
aggregates--form, feeling, perception, volition, and consciousness. In other words, we
will look at the Buddhist analysis of personal experience, or the personality.
In the preceding chapters, I have several times had occasion to note
that Buddhist teachings have been found relevant to modern life and thought in the fields
of science, psychology, and so forth. This is also the case for the analysis of personal
experience in terms of the five aggregates. Modern psychiatrists and psychologists have
been particularly interested in this analysis. It has even been suggested that, in the
analysis of personal experience in terms of the five aggregates, we have a psychological
equivalent to the table of elements worked out in modern science--that is to say, a very
careful inventory and evaluation of the elements of our experience.
What we are going to do now is basically an extension and refinement of
our analysis at the end of Chapter 11. There, we spent some time on the teaching of
not-self, exploring briefly the way the analysis of personal experience can be carried out
along two lines: with regard to the body, and with regard to the mind. You will recall
that we examined the body and mind to see whether we could locate the self, and saw that
the self is not to be found in either of them. We concluded that the term "self"
is just a convenient term for a collection of physical and mental factors, in the same way
that "forest" is just a convenient term for a collection of trees. In this
chapter we will take our analysis still further. Rather than looking at personal
experience simply in terms of body and mind, we will analyze it in terms of the five
aggregates.
Let us first look at the aggregate of matter, or form. The aggregate of
form corresponds to what we would call material, or physical, factors of experience. It
includes not only our own bodies but also the material objects that surround us--the
earth, the trees, the buildings, and the objects of everyday life. Specifically, the
aggregate of form includes the five physical sense organs and the corresponding material
objects of those sense organs: the eyes and visible objects, the ears and audible objects,
the nose and olfactory objects, the tongue and objects of taste, and the skin and tangible
objects.
But physical elements by themselves are not enough to produce
experience. The simple contact between eyes and visible objects, or ears and audible
objects, cannot result in experience. The eyes can be in conjunction with a visible object
indefinitely without producing experience; the ears can be exposed to a sound indefinitely
with the same result. Only when the eyes, a visible object, and consciousness come
together is the experience of a visible object produced. Consciousness is therefore an
indispensable element in the production of experience.
Before we go on to our consideration of the mental factors of personal
experience, I would like to mention briefly the existence of one more set of an organ and
its object, and here I speak of the sixth sense--the mind. This is in addition to the five
physical sense organs (eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin). Just as the five physical
sense organs have their corresponding material objects, the mind has for its object ideas,
or properties (dharmas). And as in the case of the five physical sense organs,
consciousness must be present to unite the mind and its object so as to produce
experience.
Let us now look at the mental factors of experience and see whether we
can understand how consciousness turns the physical factors of existence into personal,
conscious experience. First of all, we must remember that consciousness is mere awareness
of, or mere sensitivity to, an object. When the physical factors of experience--for
example, the eyes and a visible object--come into contact, and when consciousness, too,
becomes associated with the material factors of experience, visual consciousness arises.
This is mere awareness of a visible object, not anything like what we would normally call
personal experience. Our everyday personal experience is produced through the functioning
of the other three major mental factors of experience: the aggregate of feeling, the
aggregate of perception, and the aggregate of volition, or mental formation.
These three aggregates function to turn this mere awareness of the
object into personal experience.The aggregate of feeling, or sensation, is of three
kinds--pleasant, unpleasant, and indifferent. When an object is experienced, that
experience takes on one of these emotive tones, either the tone of pleasure, the tone of
displeasure, or the tone of indifference. Let us look next at the aggregate of perception.
This is an aggregate that many people find difficult to understand. When we speak of
perception, we have in mind the activity of recognition, or identification. In a sense, we
are talking about attaching a name to an object of experience. The function of perception
is to turn an indefinite experience into an identifiable, recognizable one. Here we are
speaking of the formulation of a conception, or an idea, about a particular object. As
with feeling, where we have an emotive element in the form of pleasure, displeasure, or
indifference, with perception we have a conceptual element in the form of the introduction
of a definite, determinate idea about the object of experience.
Finally, there is the aggregate of volition, or mental formation, which
can be described as a conditioned response to the object of experience. In this sense it
partakes of the meaning of habit as well. We spent some time discussing volition in
Chapter 10, when we considered the twelve components of interdependent origination. You
will remember that we described volition as the impressions created by previous actions,
the habit energy stored up over the course of countless former lifetimes. Here, as one of
the five aggregates, volition plays a similar role. But volition has not only a static
value but also a dynamic value because, just as our present actions are conditioned by
past actions, so our responses here and now are motivated and directed in a particular way
by volition. Volition therefore has a moral dimension, just as perception has a conceptual
dimension and feeling has an emotive dimension. You will notice that I have used the terms
"volition" and "mental formation" together. This is because each of
these terms represents one half of the meaning of the original term: mental formation
represents the half that comes from the past, and volition represents the half that
functions here and now. Mental formation and volition work together to determine our
responses to the objects of experience, and these responses have moral consequences in the
form of wholesome, unwholesome, and neutral effects.
We can now see how the physical and mental factors of experience work
together to produce personal experience. To make this a little clearer, let us say that
you decide to take a walk in the garden. As you walk, your eyes come into contact with a
visible object. As your attention focuses on that object, your consciousness becomes aware
of a visible object which is as yet indeterminate. Your aggregate of perception then
identifies that visible object as, let us say, a snake. Once that happens, you respond to
the object with the aggregate of feeling-the feeling of displeasure. Finally, you react to
that visible object with the aggregate of volition, with the intentional action of perhaps
running away or picking up a stone.
In all our daily activities, we can see how the five aggregates work
together to produce personal experience. At this very moment, for instance, there is
contact between two elements of the aggregate of form--the letters on the page and your
eyes. Your consciousness becomes aware of the letters on the page. Your aggregate of
perception identifies the words that are written there. Your aggregate of feeling produces
an emotional response--pleasure, displeasure, or indifference. Your aggregate of volition
responds with a conditioned reaction--sitting at attention, daydreaming, or perhaps
yawning. We can analyze all our personal experience in terms of the five aggregates. There
is one point, however, that must be remembered about the nature of the five aggregates,
and that is that each of them is in constant change. The elements that constitute the
aggregate of form are impermanent and are in a state of constant change. We discussed this
in Chapter 11, when we noted that the body grows old, weak, and sick, and that the things
around us are also impermanent and constantly changing. Our feelings, too, are constantly
changing. Today we may respond to a particular situation with a feeling of pleasure;
tomorrow, with displeasure. Today we may perceive an object in a particular way; later,
under different circumstances, our perceptions will change. In semidarkness, we perceive a
rope to be a snake; the moment the light of a torch falls on that object, we perceive it
to be a rope.
Our perceptions, like our feelings and like the material objects of our
experience, are ever-changing and impermanent; so, too, are our volitional responses. We
can alter our habits. We can learn to be kind and compassionate. We can acquire the
attitudes of renunciation, equanimity, and so forth. Consciousness, too, is impermanent
and constantly changing. Consciousness arises dependent on an object and a sense organ. It
cannot exist independently. As we have seen, all the physical and mental factors of our
experience--like our bodies, the physical objects around us, our minds, and our ideas--are
impermanent and constantly changing. All these aggregates are constantly changing and
impermanent. They are processes, not things. They are dynamic, not static.
What is the use of this analysis of personal experience in terms of the
five aggregates? What is the use of this reduction of the apparent unity of personal
experience into the elements of form, feeling, perception, volition or mental formation,
and consciousness? The purpose is to create the wisdom of not-self. What we wish to
achieve is a way of experiencing the world that is not constructed on and around the idea
of a self. We want to see personal experience in terms of processes--in terms of
impersonal functions rather than in terms of a self and what affects a self--because this
will create an attitude of equanimity, which will help us overcome the emotional
disturbances of hope and fear about the things of the world.
We hope for happiness, we fear pain. We hope for praise, we fear blame.
We hope for gain, we fear loss. We hope for fame, we fear infamy. We live in a state of
alternate hope and fear. We experience these hopes and fears because we understand
happiness, pain, and so forth in terms of the self: we understand them as personal
happiness and pain, personal praise and blame, and so on. But once we understand them in
terms of impersonal processes, and once--through this understanding--we get rid of the
idea of a self, we can overcome hope and fear. We can regard happiness and pain, praise
and blame, and all the rest with equanimity, with even-mindedness. Only then will we no
longer be subject to the imbalance of alternating between hope and fear.
-oOo-
[Taken from Peter Della Santina., The Tree of Enlightenment. (Taiwan:
The Corporate Body of the Buddha Educational Foundation, 1997), pp. 115-121].
-oOo-
Sincere thanks to Ti.nh Tue^. for typing
this article.