- Aging and Dying
- Bhikkhu. P. A. Payutto
[A talk delivered on April 22, 2539/1996, to an
international medical symposium on Death and Dying.]
Distinguished participants:
Today I have been expected to speak on death and dying, but I would like instead to
speak on aging and dying rather than on death and dying.
Old age and death are natural phenomena. In accordance with the law of nature all
conditioned things are impermanent and liable to change, being subject to causes and
conditions. Everything that has a beginning must at last come to an end. The lives of all
beings, after being born, must decay and die. Aging is just the decline of life and the
decay of the faculties; and death is the passing-away, the termination of the time of
life, the break-up of the aggregates and the casting off of the body.
Although, by nature, aging and death are merely facts of life, psychologically they
often mean to the worldlings a loss of hope, the frustration of all aspirations, a leap
into a great darkness, and thus the feelings of fear and anguish.
In spite of degeneration and loss inherent in aging and dying, old age can be turned
into an opportunity for development, and death into that for a sublime attainment. At the
least, one should live the good and worthwhile life of the old, and can then die
unconfused or even die an enlightened death.
A human's life span is traditionally divided into three stages, the first, the middle
and the last stage. Of course, with attention to what is good and right, one should live a
good life through all the three stages of life. However if, through negligence, one fails
to fulfill the good life in the first and middle stages of life, there is still room left
for one to fulfill it in the last one, that is, in one's old age.
Not only when still a young black-haired man in the prime of youth, but also when he
became old, the Buddha was still perfect in his lucid wisdom. This means a happy and
fruitful life in old age is a possibility. Moreover, as mentioned earlier, one can even
make progress in the good life and attain to perfection in this last stage of life.
So many people spend the whole time of their early and middle years in search of fame
and fortune, in seeking after wealth and power, and in pursuit of material pleasures. They
might say that their lives have been worthwhile. Really, they are not. It is not enough.
They have not got the best of their lives. They have not realized the full potential of
being human. To live longer into old age gives them an advantage over other people as they
are in a position to make advances towards fulfilling these potentials.
What are these potentials? There are a lot of them. Examples are the various kinds of
inner and independent happiness through inner development. In short, there are a lot of
the good that people in search of wealth, power and pleasures will never experience and
enjoy except that they survive to develop them in their old age.
As long life up to an old age is an advantage if one learns how to utilize it, we
should look after ourselves well so that we will have long lives. Of course, good care of
life is needed. We should look after ourselves well, physically and behaviorally,
emotionally and volitionally, and intellectually and intuitionally. The interdependence
and interrelationship among these aspects of life should be rightly steered so that they
become intercontributary.
First, physical care should not be separated from behavioral development in
relationship with the social and natural environment. In addition to sufficient nutritious
food and physical exercise, right attitudes and behavior such as beneficial habits should
be developed in connection with eating, general material consumption and recreations.
As all know well, the present-day society functions as a system of competition and
consumption where people fall into the state of time-scarcity because of competitive
individualism and personal pursuit of material pleasures. In the context of such a
society, people find it difficult to take care of other people and, therefore, people in
old age should be more self-reliant. In these situations, they should devote themselves
more to an intimate relationship with the natural environment. They should enjoy physical
movements and activities amidst nature.
As far as personal relationships are concerned, love of sons and daughters leads to
concerns about their weal and woe which are satisfied by parental care. However, when
children have grown up and can take care of themselves, they take responsibility for
themselves. At this point, the concerns of the old parents over their grown-up sons and
daughters, or of the grandparents over their grand-children, often lead to vexation on the
part of the latter and an upset on the part of the former. It is not good to the mental
health of both sides.
There is a principle in the Buddha's teaching that when children grow up and are able
to take responsibility for their own lives, parents are expected to develop equanimity.
This means love must be balanced by equanimity. In other words, love that grows into
attachment, whether to persons or things, must be replaced by equanimity. Love must be
maintained at the level of loving-kindness or friendly love. In Thailand, aged people find
the balance of loving-kindness with equanimity in joining their peers in the Buddhist
observances at a village monastery and even stay there overnight every seven or eight
days.
To go further in emotional care and volitional encouragement, the elderly should
develop in themselves the will to do something. This means that one should have something
in mind that one values highly and has a loving interest in, which one wants very strongly
to do, for example, the writing of some book on one's cherished experiences, the carrying
out of a gardening program, or the search for knowledge of a spiritual matter. Let one's
will to action be so strong as to make one say to oneself: "I cannot die if I have
not completed this task."
Many of us can think of elderly people, especially those after retirement, who, not
long after retiring from work, became subject to loneliness, dejected, down-hearted and
gloomy. They quickly withered away and died. Some suffer from depression and even commit
suicide. But the elderly who develop the will to action will not be so. Their willpower
and strong spirit will only develop. They have something to commit themselves to and
there, also, they will apply reasoning and intellectual investigation. They will become
strong and healthy, both in mind and in body. The Buddha says that one who has the four
qualities of the desire to act, strong willpower, the sense of commitment, and the spirit
of investigation or experimentation, can live long throughout the whole life span.
Now we come to the boundary between the heart and the head, where the emotion will be
refined, made wholesome and strengthened by the intellectual faculty. However, in passing,
I would like to mention another two points.
Elderly people usually have bodies that are frail and easily afflicted with diseases.
This tends to make them worried and dejected. Here they are encouraged by the Buddha to
train themselves: "Although my body is ill, my mind shall not be ill," or
"Even though my body becomes frail, my mind shall not be weakened."
Another point is concerned with happiness. Many or most people think of happiness in
terms of sensual or material pleasures. If happiness consists in satisfying the senses,
life in old age will be a great torment, forever deprived of happiness, because aging
means, among other things, the degeneration and decay of the sense-faculties.
In reality, there are roughly two kinds of happiness. One is sensual happiness,
dependent on external material pleasures. As this kind of happiness is dependent on
material objects outside ourselves, those who are devoted to its enjoyment become
pleasure-seekers or the seekers after happiness. In the pursuit of this kind of happiness,
the pleasure-seekers learn and spend a lot of energy to develop the ability to look for
and recognize the goods to gratify their senses. This has even been unconsciously taken by
these people to be the meaning of education.
But it is the gift of human beings that they are possessed of the potential for
creativity. Through this potential, they have created, using their creative thinking and
constructive ideas, the human world of inventions and technologies. Directed inside, this
potential can be developed for the creation of inner happiness and the various kinds of
skillful mental qualities.
Unfortunately, the pleasure-seekers or happiness-pursuers, being engrossed in the
search for external objects to gratify their senses, fail to develop this potential for
the inner creativity. This creative or formative potential left undeveloped then works out
for their inner lack of happiness and for various negative mental states. Thus in this way
the pleasure-seekers, while seeking external happiness through the gratification of the
senses with material objects, create or form inside themselves stress, anxiety, worry,
depression, fear, insomnia and all kinds of negative mental states, and even clinical
mental disorders.
To be sure, these pleasure-seekers in their old age will suffer double anguish.
Externally, because of the degeneration of their sense-faculties, they experience the
frustration of the sensual happiness. Internally, they are subject to the formation and
arising of unskillful feelings such as fear, anxiety, stress, and depression, and the
frustration of the external happiness intensifies these negative emotions even more. This
seems to be a very unhappy life in old age.
Wise people not only develop the ability to seek for external objects to satisfy
sensual desires, they develop the potential for creativity to create in themselves various
positive mental qualities and inner happiness. We are usually advised by the Buddha to
develop five skillful qualities as the constant factors of the mind, namely joy, delight,
relaxing calm, happiness and concentration. These five qualities will keep away all
negative emotions and unhappiness. It is the development of the ability to create
happiness or to be happy. As this second kind of happiness is an internal mental quality
independent of material objects outside, the person who has developed it becomes, in
contrast to the pleasure-seeker, the possessor of happiness. In their old age, the elderly
should learn to develop more and more inner happiness so that they will enjoy lives of
peace, freedom and happiness.
There is still a higher level of happiness. It is happiness beyond all formations. This
is the highest kind of happiness, to be realized through the liberating wisdom or insight
into the true nature of things.
In the way of liberating the mind through wisdom and insight, we are advised by the
Buddha to free and learn the truth of things at every step. Aging and death are among the
facts of life that should be constantly reviewed. In the words of the Buddha:
"These five facts of life should be again and again contemplated by everyone,
whether female or male, whether layperson or monk:
"I am subject to old age: I am not freed from it.
"I am subject to disease: I am not freed from it.
"I am subject to death: I am not freed from it.
"There will be division and separation from all that is dear to me.
"I am the owner of my actions: whatever I do, whether good or bad, I become heir to
it."
Death, in particular, which is the central point or culmination of these facts, is a
special focus of contemplation. Buddhists are advised to practice mindfulness or
contemplation of death (maranasati). This mindfulness or contemplation is far
different from imagination or fanciful thinking, which often leads to fear, sorrow and
downheartedness. That is called unwise attention. The right and wise contemplation of
death leads to the acceptance of the fact of the impermanence of life, and further to
leading a life of diligence or earnestness to get the best of life before it comes to an
end. Furthermore, it leads to the realization of the truth of the impermanence of all
things. The insight into the true nature of all things will bring about wisdom that
liberates the mind. The mind of the wise who realize the truth, being freed, is set to
equilibrium and stands in equanimity. The person who is in this state of being is in the
position to enjoy the highest happiness.
Some of the disciples of the Buddha attained to enlightenment and final freedom even at
the moment of death. For those who have not realized the final goal of perfect freedom, at
the moment of death they are advised to die with a clear and peaceful mind, unconfused.
In short, three points should be observed concerning aging and death. First, aging and
death are plain facts of life, the contemplation of which may lead to insight into the
truth of all things. Second, aging and death can be an opportunity for the development of
a good life, we should make the best out of them. Third, relying on aging and death, even
the ageless and the deathless can be attained to.
With these remarks, I bring my talk to a close. Thank you.