- Buddhist Dictionary
- Manual of Buddhist Terms
and Doctrines
by NYANATILOKA MAHATHERA
-D-
dána: 'almsgiving', liberality,
offering. "He who gives alms, bestows a fourfold blessing: he helps to long life,
good appearance, happiness and strength. Therefore long life, good appearance, happiness
and strength will be his share, whether amongst heavenly beings or amongst men" (A.
IV, 57).
"Five blessings accrue to the giver
of alms: the affection of many, noble association, good reputation, self-confidence, and
heavenly rebirth" (see A. V, 34). Seven further blessings are given in A. VII, 54.
Liberality, especially the offering of
robes, food, etc., to the monks, is highly praised in all Buddhist countries of Southern
Asia as a fundamental virtue and as a means to suppress man's inborn greed and egoism.
But, as in any other good or bad action, so also in offering gifts, it is the noble
intention and volition that really counts as the action, not the mere outward deed.
Almsgiving or liberality (dána),
constitutes the first. kind of meritorious activity, the two others being morality (síla,
q.v.) and mental development (bhávaná); s. puñña-kiriya-vatthu.
Liberality (cága) forms one of the 10 recollections (anussati, q.v.) and
almsgiving one of the 10 perfections (s. páramí).
dasa-(tathágata-) bala: 'the
ten powers (of a Perfect One); or, he who Possesses the 10 P.', i.e. the Buddha. About him
it is said (e.g., M. 12.; A. X, 21):
There, o monks, the Perfect One
understands according to reality the possible as possible, and the impossible as
impossible ... the result of past, present and future actions ... the path leading to the
welfare of all ... the world with its many different elements ... the different
inclinations in beings ... the lower and higher faculties in beings ... the defilement,
purity and rising with regard to the absorptions, deliverances, concentration and
attainments ... remembering many former rebirths ... perceiving with the divine eye how
beings vanish and reappear again according to their actions (karma) ... gaining, through
extinction of all taints, possession of 'deliverance of mind' and 'deliverance through
wisdom' ...."
dasaka-kalápa: s. rúpa-kalápa.
dasa-páramí: s. páramí.
dasa-puñña-kiriya-vatthu: s. puñña-kiriya-vatthu.
death: marana (q.v.) -
Contemplation of °: maranánussati (q.v.) - As divine messenger: deva-dúta
(q.v.).
death-consciousness: cuti-citta,
is one of the 14 functions of consciousness (viññána-kicca, q.v.).
deathlessness: amata (q.v.).
death-proximate karma: maranásaññá-kamma;
s. karma.
deciding function (of
consciousness): s. viññána-kicca.
decline (in morality, wisdom,
etc.): s. hána-bhágiya-síla. - Liable to °, parihána-dhamma (q.v.).
defilements: s. kilesa,
upakkilesa. -10 d. of insight: vipassanúpakkilesa, s. visuddhi
VI. - Round of d., s. vatta (1).
deliverance: s. vimutti,
vimokkha. - The 8 kinds of d. (or liberation), s. vimokkha. - D.
of mind, d. through voidness, boundless d. etc., s. ceto-vimutti. -
Desire for d., s. visuddhi (VI, 6). - D. through wisdom; paññá-vimutti
(q.v.). - 3 doors of d. (or gateways of liberation) s. visuddhi (VI, 8).
deluded consciousness: s. Tab. I.
32, 33.
deluded-natured: moha-carita;
s. carita.
delusion: s. moha, avijjá.
demons' realm: asura-nikáya;
s. apáya.
departed, the spirits of the: peta
(q.v.).
dependent origination: paticca
samuppáda (q.v.).
derived corporeality: upádá-rúpa
(q.v.); further s. khandha (I. B.).
desaná: 'exposition' of the
doctrine, may be either an exposition true in the highest sense (paramattha-desaná);
or it may not be true in the highest, but only in the conventional sense (vohára-desaná).
See paramattha.
desire for deliverance: s. visuddhi
(VI, 6).
desireless deliverance: s. vimokkha
(1).
desirelessness, contemplation on:
s. vipassaná (12).
destiny, evil views with fixed d.:
niyata-micchá-ditthi (q.v.). Men with fixed d.: niyata-puggala
(q.v.). See gati.
destruction: overcoming, or
liberation from, evil things through their d.; samuccheda-pahána or samuccheda-vimutti;
s. pahána.
destructive karma: upaghátaka-kamma;
s. karma.
detachment: viveka (q.v.).
determination: s. adhimokkha,
adhitthána.
determining: votthapana (s. viññána-kicca).
determining the reality: s. vavatthána.
deva (lit: the Radiant Ones;
related to Lat. deus): heavenly beings, deities, celestials, are beings who live in
happy worlds, and who, as a rule, are invisible to the human eye. They are subject,
however, just like all human and other beings, to ever-repeated rebirth, old age and
death, and thus are not freed from the cycle of existence and from misery. There are many
classes of heavenly beings.
I. The 6 classes of heavenly beings of the
sensuous sphere (kámávacara or káma-loka; s. avacara loka), are Cátumahárájika-deva,
Távatimsa, Yáma, Tusita (s. Bodhisatta), Nimmána-rati, Paranimmita-vasavatti. Cf. anussati.
(6).
II. The heavenly beings of the
fine-material sphere (rúpávacara or rúpaloka) are:
1. Brahma-párisajja, Brahma-purohita,
Mahá-brahmáno (s. brahma-káyika-deva). Amongst these 3 classes will be
reborn those with a weak, medium or full experience of the 1st absorption (jhána, q.v.).
2. Parittábha, Appamánábha,
Ábhassara. Here will be reborn those with experience of the 2nd absorption.
3. Paritta-subha, Appamána-subha,
Subha-kinna (or kinha). Here will be reborn those with experience of the 3rd
absorption.
4. Vehapphala, Asañña-satta
(q.v.), Suddhávása (q.v.; further s. Anágámi). Amongst the first 2
classes will be reborn those with experience of the 4th absorption, but amongst the 3rd
class only Anágámis (q.v.).
III. The 4 grades of heavenly beings of
the immaterial sphere (arúpávacara or arúpa-loka) are: the heavenly
beings of the sphere of unbounded space (ákásánañcáyatanúpaga-devá), of
unbounded consciousness (viññánañcáyatanúpaga-deva), of nothingness (ákiñcaññáyatanúpaga
devá), of neither-perception-nor- non-perception (nevasaññá-násaññáyatanúpaga-devá).
Here will be reborn those with experience of the 4 immaterial spheres (arúpáyatana; s.
jhána 5-8).
See Gods and the Universe
by Francis Story (WHEEL 180/181).
deva-dúta: 'divine
messengers', is a symbolic name for old age, disease and death, since these three things
remind man of his future and rouse him to earnest striving. In A. III, 35, it is said:
"Did you, o man, never see in the
world a man or a woman eighty, ninety or a hundred years old, frail, crooked as a
gable-roof, bent down, resting on crutches, with tottering steps, infirm, youth long since
fled, with broken teeth, grey and scanty hair, or baldheaded, wrinkled, with blotched
limbs? And did it never occur to you that you also are subject to old age, that you also
cannot escape it?
"Did you never see in the world a man
or a woman, who being sick, afflicted and grievously ill, and wallowing in their own
filth, was lifted up by some people, and put down by others? And did it never occur to you
that you also are subject to disease, that you also cannot escape it?
"Did you never see in the world the
corpse of a man or a woman, one or two or three days after death, swollen up, blue-black
in colour, and full of corruption? And did it never occur to you that you also are subject
to death, that you also cannot escape it?" - See M. 130.
devatánussati: 'recollection of
the heavenly beings'; s. anussati.
development (mental): bhávaná
(q.v.). - Effort to develop, s. padhána. - Wisdom based on d. s. paññá.
- Gradual d. of the Eightfold Path in the 'progress of the disciple' (q.v.).
deviation: (from morality and
understanding): vipatti (q.v.).
devotee: upásaka (q.v.) .
dhamma: lit. the 'bearer',
constitution (or nature of a thing), norm, law (jus), doctrine; justice,
righteousness; quality; thing, object of mind (s. áyatana) 'phenomenon'. In all
these meanings the word 'dhamma' is to be met with in the texts. The Com. to D.
instances 4 applications of this term guna (quality, virtue), desaná
(instruction), pariyatti (text), nijjívatá (soullessness, e.g. "all dhammá,
phenomena, are impersonal," etc.). The Com. to Dhs. has hetu (condition)
instead of desaná. Thus, the analytical knowledge of the law (s. patisambhidá)
is explained in Vis.M. XIV. and in Vibh. as hetumhi-ñána, knowledge of the
conditions.
The Dhamma, as the liberating law
discovered and proclaimed by the Buddha, is summed up in the 4 Noble Truths (s. sacca).
It forms one of the 3 Gems (ti-ratana, q.v.) and one of the 10 recollections
(anussati q.v.).
Dhamma, as object of mind (dhammáyatana,
s. áyatana) may be anything past, present or future, corporeal or mental,
conditioned or not (cf. sankhára, 4), real or imaginary.
dhamma-cakka: The 'Wheel (realm) of
the Law', is a name for the doctrine 'set rolling' (established) by the Buddha, i.e. the 4
Noble Truths (sacca, q.v.).
"The Perfect One, o monks, the Holy
One, fully Enlightened One, in the Deer Park at Isipatana near Benares, has set rolling
(established) the unsurpassed Wheel (realm) of the Law" (M. 141). Cf. cakka.
dhamma-desaná: 'exposition of
the Doctrine (law)'; s. desaná.
dhamma-dhátu: mind-object-element
(s. dhátu).
dhammánupassaná: 'contemplation
of the mind-objects' is the last of the 4 foundations of mindfulness (satipatthána, q.v.)
dhammánusárí: the
'dhamma-devotee', is one of the 7 noble disciples (ariya-puggala, q.v.).
dhammánussati: 'recollection of
the Law', is one of the 10 recollections (anussati, q.v.).
dhamma-patisambhidá: the
'analytical knowledge of the law, is one of the 4 kinds of analytical knowledge (patisambhidá,
q.v.).
dhamma-tthiti-ñána: 'knowledge of
the fixity of law, is a name for that 'insight which is leading up' to the entrance into
one of the 4 supermundane paths (vutthána-gáminí-vipassaná, q.v.). In the
Susima Sutta (S. XII, 70) this (ascending) insight is called the 'knowledge of the fixity
of the law', namely: "At first, Susima, there exists the knowledge of the fixity of
the law, and later the knowledge of Nibbána." (See Vis.M. XXI.)
dhamma-vicaya-sambojjhanga: 'investigation
of the law as factor of enlightenment', is one of the 7 factors of enlightenment
(bojjhanga, q.v.).
dhammáyatana: 'mind-object as
base' (áyatana, q.v.).
dhana: 'treasures', a term for the
following 7 qualities: faith, morality, moral shame, moral dread, learning, liberality and
wisdom. Cf. A. VII, 5, 6.
See 'Treasures of the
Noble', by Soma Thera (BODHI LEAVES B. 27, BPS).
dhátu: 'elements', are the
ultimate constituents of a whole.
(1) The 4 physical elements (dhátu
or mahá-bhúta), popularly called earth, water, fire and wind, are to be
understood as the primary qualities of matter. They are named in Páli: pathaví-dhátu,
ápo-dhátu, tejo-dhátu, and váyo-dhátu. In Vis.M. XI, 2 the four elements are
defined thus: "Whatever is characterized by hardness (thaddha-lakkkhana) is
the earth or solid-element; by cohesion (ábandhana) or fluidity, the
water-element; by heating (paripácana), the fire or heat-element; by strengthening
or supporting (vitthambhana), the wind or motion-element. All four are present in
every material object, though in varying degrees of strength. If, for instance, the earth
element predominates, the material object is called 'solid', etc. - For the analysis of
the 4 elements, s. dhátu-vavatthána.
(II) The 18 physical and mental
elements that constitute the conditions or foundations of the process of perception, are:
1. visual organ (eye) 9. gustative object
2. auditory organ (ear) 10.
body-impression
3. olfactory organ (nose) 11.
eye-consciousness
4. gustatory organ (tongue) 12.
ear-consciousness
5. tactile organ (body) 13.
nose-consciousness
6. visible object 14. tongue-consciousness
7. sound or audible object 15.
body-consciousness
8. odour or olfactive object
16. mind-element 17. mind-object
(mano-dhátu) (dhamma-dhátu)
18. mind-consciousness-element
(mano-viññána-dhátu)
1-10 are physical; 11-16 and 18 are
mental; 17 may be either physical or mental. - 16 performs the function of advertence
(ávajjana) towards the object at the inception of a process of sensuous
consciousness; it further performs the function of receiving (sampaticchana) the
sensuous object. 18 performs, e.g., the function of investigation (santírana), determining
(votthapana) and registering (tadárammana) - (for its other functions, s.
Table I). For the 14 functions of consciousness, s. viññána-kicca.
Cf. M. 115; S. XIV and especially
Vibh. II (Guide p. 28f), Vis.M. XV, 17ff.
Of the many further groupings of elements
(enumerated in M. 115), the best known is that of the 3 world-elements: the sensuous world
(káma-dhátu), the fine-material world (rúpa-dhátu), the immaterial world (arúpa-dhátu);
further the sixfold group: the solid, liquid, heat, motion, space, consciousness (pathaví,
ápo, tejo, váyo, ákása, viññána; s. above I), described in M. 140; see also M.
112.
dhátu-vavatthána: 'analysis (or
determining) of the 4 elements', is described in Vis.M. XI, 2, as the last of the 40
mental exercises (s. bhávaná). In a condensed form this exercise is handed down
in D. 22 and M. 10 (s. satipatthána), but in detail explained in M. 28, 62, 140.
The simile of the butcher in M. 10 ("Just, o monks, as a skilled butcher or butcher's
apprentice, after having slaughtered a cow and divided it into separate portions, should
sit down at the junction of four highroads; just so does the disciple contemplate this
body with regard to the elements") is thus explained in Vis.M. XI.: "To the
butcher, who rears the cow, brings it to the slaughter-house, ties it, puts it there,
slaughters it, or looks at the slaughtered and dead cow, the idea 'cow' does not disappear
as long as he has not yet cut the body open and taken it to pieces. As soon, however, as
he sits down, after having cut it open and taken it to pieces, the idea 'cow' disappears
to him, and the idea 'meat' arises. And he does not think: 'A cow do I sell, or 'A cow do
they buy.' Just so, when the monk formerly was still an ignorant worldling, layman or a
homeless one, the ideas 'living being' or 'man' or 'individual' had not yet disappeared as
long as he had not taken this body, whatever position or direction it had, to pieces and
analysed it piece by piece. As soon, however, as he analysed this body into its elements,
the idea 'living being' disappeared to him, and his mind became established in the
contemplation of the elements." - (App.).
dhutánga: (lit. 'means of shaking
off (the defilements)'); 'means of purification', ascetic or austere practices. These are
strict observances recommended by the Buddha to monks as a help to cultivate
contentedness, renunciation, energy and the like. One or more of them may be observed for
a shorter or longer period of time.
"The monk training himself in
morality should take upon himself the means of purification, in order to gain those
virtues through which the purity of morality will become accomplished, to wit: fewness of
needs, contentedness, austerity, detachment, energy, moderation, etc." (Vis.M. II).
Vis.M. II describes 13 dhutangas,
consisting in the vows of
1. wearing patched-up robes: pamsukúlik'anga,
2. wearing only three robes: tecívarik'anga,
3. going for alms: pindapátik'anga,
4. not omitting any house whilst going
for alms: sapadánikanga,
5. eating at one sitting: ekásanik'anga,
6. eating only from the alms-bowl: pattapindik'anga,
7. refusing all further food: khalu-pacchá-bhattik'anga,
8. living in the forest: áraññik'anga,
9. living under a tree: rukkha-múlik'anga,
10. living in the open air: abbhokásik'anga,
11. living in a cemetery: susánik'anga,
12. being satisfied with whatever
dwelling: yathá-santhatik'anga,
13. sleeping in the sitting position
(and never lying down): nesajjik'anga.
These 13 exercises are all, without
exception, mentioned in the old sutta texts (e.g. M. 5, 113; A.V., 181-90), but never
together in one and the same place.
"Without doubt, o monks, it is a
great advantage to live in the forest as a hermit, to collect one's alms, to make one's
robes from picked-up rags, to be satisfied with three robes" (A.I, 30).
The vow, e.g. of No. 1, is taken in the
words: "I reject robes offered to me by householders," or "I take upon
myself the vow of wearing only robes made from picked-up rags." Some of the exercises
may also be observed by the lay-adherent.
Here it may be mentioned that each newly
ordained monk, immediately after his being admitted to the Order, is advised to be
satisfied with whatever robes, alms-food, dwelling and medicine he gets: "The life of
the monks depends on the collected alms as food ... on the root of a tree as dwelling ...
on robes made from patched-up rags ... on stale cow's urine as medicine. May you train
yourself therein all your life."
Since the moral quality of any action
depends entirely upon the accompanying intention and volition, this is also the case with
these ascetic practices, as is expressly stated in Vis.M. Thus the mere external
performance is not the real exercise, as it is said (Pug. 275-84): "Some one might be
going for alms; etc. out of stupidity and foolishness - or with evil intention and filled
with desires - or out of insanity and mental derangement - or because such practice had
been praised by the Noble Ones...." These exercises are, however properly observed
"if they are taken up only for the sake of frugality, of contentedness, of purity,
etc."(App.)
On dhutanga practice in
modern Thailand, see With Robes and Bowl, by Bhikkhu Khantipalo (WHEEL 82/83).
dibba-cakkhu: the 'divine
eye', is one of the 6 higher powers (abhiññá, q.v.), and one of the three kinds
of knowledge (tevijjá, q.v.).
dibba-loka: heavenly world; s. deva.
dibba-sota: the 'divine ear',
is one of the 6 higher powers (abhiññá, q.v.).
dibba-vihára: s. vihára.
disappearance: vigata-paccaya,
is one of the 24 conditions (paccaya, q.v.) . disciplinary code: s. pátimokkha.
discursive thinking: vicára;
s. vitakka-vicára.
disease: one of the 'divine
messengers' (deva-dúta, q.v.).
disinterestedness: (regarding the
whole world): s. sabbaloke anabhirati-saññá.
dispensation: s. sásana.
dissociation: vippayutta-paccaya,
is one of the 24 conditions (paccaya, q.v.) .
dissolution, contemplation of: khayánupassaná,
is one of the 18 chief kinds of insight (vipassaná, q.v.).
dittha-dhamma-vedaníya-kamma: karma
bearing fruit in this present life; s. karma.
ditthi (lit. 'sight'; Ö dis,
to see): view, belief, speculative opinion, insight. If not qualified by sammá,
'right', it mostly refers to wrong and evil view or opinion, and only in a few instances
to right view, understanding or insight (e.g. ditthi-ppatta, q.v.; ditthi-visuddhi,
purification of insight; ditthi-sampanna, possessed of insight).
Wrong or evil views (ditthi or micchá-ditthi)
are declared as utterly rejectable for being a source of wrong and evil aspirations and
conduct, and liable at times to lead man to the deepest abysses of depravity, as it is
said in A. I, 22:
"No other thing than evil views do I
know, o monks, whereby to such an extent the unwholesome things not yet arisen arise, and
the unwholesome things already arisen are brought to growth and fullness. No other thing
than evil views do I know, whereby to such an extent the wholesome things not yet arisen
are hindered in their arising, and the wholesome things already arisen disappear. No other
thing than evil views do I know, whereby to such an extent human beings at the dissolution
of the body, at death, are passing to a way of suffering, into a world of woe, into
hell." Further in A. I, 23: "Whatever a man filled with evil views performs or
undertakes, or whatever he possesses of will, aspiration, longing and tendencies, all
these things lead him to an undesirable, unpleasant and disagreeable state, to woe and
suffering."
From the Abhidhamma (Dhs) it may be
inferred that evil views, whenever they arise, are associated with greed (s. Tab. I. 22,
23, 26, 27).
Numerous speculative opinions and
theories, which at all times have influenced and still are influencing mankind, are quoted
in the sutta-texts. Amongst them, however, the wrong view which everywhere, and at all
times, has most misled and deluded mankind is the personality-belief, the ego-illusion.
This personality-belief (sakkáya-ditthi), or ego-illusion (atta-ditthi), is
of 2 kinds: eternity-belief and annihilation-belief.
Eternity-belief (sassata-ditthi) is
the belief in the existence of a persisting ego-entity, soul or personality, existing
independently of those physical and mental processes that constitute life and continuing
even after death.
Annihilation-belief (uccheda-ditthi), on
the other hand, is the belief in the existence of an ego-entity or personality as being
more or less identical with those physical and mental processes, and which therefore, at
the dissolution at death, will come to be annihilated. - For the 20 kinds of
personality-belief, see sakkáya-ditthi.
Now, the Buddha neither teaches a
personality which will continue after death, nor does he teach a personality which will be
annihilated at death, but he shows us that 'personality', 'ego', 'individual', 'man',
etc., are nothing but mere conventional designations (vohára-vacana) and that in
the ultimate sense (s. paramattha-sacca) there is only this self-consuming process
of physical and mental phenomena which continually arise and again disappear immediately.
- For further details, s. anattá, khandha, paticcasamuppáda.
"The Perfect One is free from any
theory (ditthigata), for the Perfect One has seen what corporeality is, and how it
arises and passes away. He has seen what feeling ... perception ... mental formations ...
consciousness are, and how they arise and pass away. Therefore I say that the Perfect One
has won complete deliverance through the extinction, fading away, disappearance, rejection
and casting out of all imaginings and conjectures, of all inclination to the 'vain-glory
of 'I' and 'mine." (M. 72).
The rejection of speculative views and
theories is a prominent feature in a chapter of the Sutta-Nipáta, the Atthaka-Vagga.
The so-called 'evil views with fixed
destiny' (niyata-miccháditthi) constituting the last of the 10 unwholesome courses
of action (kammapatha, q.v.), are the following three: (1) the fatalistic 'view of
the uncausedness' of existence (ahetukaditthi), (2) the view of the inefficacy of
action' (akiriyaditthi), (3) nihilism (natthikaditthi).
(1) was taught by Makkhali-Gosála, a
contemporary of the Buddha who denied every cause for the corruptness and purity of
beings, and asserted that everything is minutely predestined by fate.
(2) was taught by Púrana-Kassapa, another
contemporary of the Buddha who denied every karmical effect of good and bad actions:
"To him who kills, steals, robs, etc., nothing bad will happen. For generosity,
self-restraint and truthfulness, etc. no reward is to be expected."
(3) was taught by Ajita-Kesakambali, a
third contemporary of the Buddha who asserted that any belief in good action and its
reward is a mere delusion, that after death no further life would follow, that man at
death would become dissolved into the elements, etc.
For further details about
these 3 views, s. D. 2, M. 60; commentarial exposition in WHEEL 98/99, P. 23.
Frequently mentioned are also the
10 antinomies (antagáhiká micchá-ditthi): 'Finite is the world' or 'infinite is
the world' ... 'body and soul are identical' or 'body and soul are different' (e.g. M.
63).
In the Brahmájala Sutta .(D.1), 62 false
views are classified and described, comprising all conceivable wrong views and
speculations about man and world.
See The All-Embracing Net
of Views (Brahmájala Sutta), tr. with Com. by Bhikkhu Bodhi (BPS).
Further s. D. 15, 23, 24, 28; M.
11, 12, 25, 60, 63, 72, 76, 101, 102, 110; A. II, 16; X, 93; S. XXI, XXIV; Pts.M.
Ditthikathá,. etc.
Wrong views (ditthi) are one of the
proclivities (s. anusaya), cankers (s. ásava), clingings (s. upádána),
one of the three modes of perversions (s. vipallása). Unwholesome consciousness (akusala
citta), rooted in greed, may be either with or without wrong views (ditthigata-sampayutta
or vippayutta); s. Dhs.; Tab I.
On right view (sammá-ditthi), s. magga
and M. 9 (Trans. with Com. in 'R. Und.').
ditthi-nissita-síla: 'morality
based on wrong views'; s. nissaya.
ditthi-ppatta: the 'vision
attainer', is one of the 7 Noble Persons (ariya-puggala, q.v.).
ditthi-vipallása: 'perversion of
views'; s. vipallása.
ditthi-visuddhi: 'purification
of view' is the 3rd of the 7 stages of purification (visuddhi III, q.v.).
ditth'upádána: 'clinging to
views', is one of the 4 kinds of clinging (upádána, q.v.).
divine abode: s. vihára.
divine ear and eye: s.
abhiññá.
divine messengers, the 3: deva-dúta
(q.v.).
doctrine of the Buddha: s. dhamma,
sásana.
dogmatic articles, the 3: tittháyatana
(q.v.).
domanassa: lit. 'sad-mindedness',
grief, i.e. mentally painful feeling (cetasika-vedaná), is one of the 5 feelings (vedaná,
q.v.) and one of the 22 faculties (indriya, q.v.). According to the Abhidhamma,
grief is always associated with antipathy and grudge, and therefore karmically unwholesome
(akusala, q.v.) Cf. Tab. I. 30, 31.
domanassupavicára: 'indulging in
grief'; s. manopavicára.
doors of deliverance, the 3: vimokkha-dvára;
s. vimokkha I; visuddhi VI, 8.
dosa: 'hatred', anger, is one of
the 3 unwholesome, roots (múla, q.v.). - d. citta: hate
consciousness; s. Tab. I (30, 31).
dosa-carita: 'angry-or
hate-natured'; s. carita.
doubt, skeptical: vicikicchá
(q.v.), kankhá (q.v.).
dread, moral: ottappa s. hiri-ottappa.
drinking: On the evil effects of
drinking intoxicants, s. surámeraya, etc.
dry-visioned: s. sukkha-vipassaka.
duccarita: 'evil conduct', is
threefold: in deeds, words and thoughts. See kammapatha (I).
duggati: 'woeful course' (of
existence); s. gati.
dukkha: (1) 'pain', painful
feeling, which may be bodily and mental (s. vedaná).
(2) 'Suffering', 'ill'. As the first
of the Four Noble Truths (s. sacca) and the second of the three characteristics of
existence (s. ti-lakkhana), the term dukkha is not limited to painful
experience as under (1), but refers to the unsatisfactory nature and the general
insecurity of all conditioned phenomena which, on account of their impermanence, are all
liable to suffering, and this includes also pleasurable experience. Hence
'unsatisfactoriness' or 'liability to suffering' would be more adequate renderings, if not
for stylistic reasons. Hence the first truth does not deny the existence of pleasurable
experience, as is sometimes wrongly assumed. This is illustrated by the following texts:
"Seeking satisfaction in the world,
monks, I had pursued my way. That satisfaction in the world I found. In so far as
satisfaction existed in the world, I have well perceived it by wisdom. Seeking for misery
in the world, monks, I had pursued my way. That misery in the world I found. In so far as
misery existed in the world, I have well perceived it by wisdom. Seeking for the escape
from the world, monks, I had pursued my way. That escape from the world I found. In so far
as an escape from the world existed, I have well perceived it by wisdom" (A. 111,
101).
"If there were no satisfaction to be
found in the world, beings would not be attached to the world .... If there were no misery
to be found in the world, beings would not be repelled by the world .... If there were no
escape from the world, beings could not escape therefrom" (A. 111, 102).
See dukkhatá. For texts on the
Truth of Suffering, see W. of B. and 'Path'.
See The Three Basic Facts
of Existence, II. Suffering (WHEEL 191/193).
dukkhánupassaná: s. vipassaná.
dukkhatá (abstr. noun fr. dukkha):
'the state of suffering', painfulness, unpleasantness, the unsatisfactoriness of
existence. "There are three kinds of suffering: (1) suffering as pain (dukkha-dukkhatá),
(2) the suffering inherent in the formations (sankhára-dukkhatá), (3) the
suffering in change (viparináma-dukkhatá)" (S. XLV, 165; D. 33).
(1) is the bodily or mental feeling of
pain as actual]y felt. (2) refers to the oppressive nature of all formations of existence
(i.e. all conditioned phenomena), due to their continual arising and passing away; this
includes also experiences associated with neutral feeling. (3) refers to bodily and mental
pleasant feelings, "because they are the cause for the arising of pain when they
change" (Vis.M. XIV, 34f).
dukkha-patipadá: 'painful
progress'; s. patipadá.
dvi-hetuka-patisandhi: s. patisandhi.
dwellings: Suitable d. for
monks; s. senásana. Satisfied with whatever d.; s. dhutanga.